Common IPS Interview

 The IPS exam tops the list when it comes down to the toughest government exams in India. Though thorough practice is key, some candidates struggle to make up despite constant efforts.

The IPS interview questions are prepared by a panel of experts from different fields of study. Questions asked in IPS mock interviews are often perceived as a life-threatening experience for many. A competent performer is often seen facing a crisis when such  IPS interview questions crop up. 

Among the several interviews that require higher levels of expertise, the IPS exam falls under the same category. Thus, to help the aspiring candidates with their interview hustle, IPS interview questions and the most suitable answer. To make your journey easier, we have curated the best IPS interview questions and answers for 2024, to enable you to experience a smooth round of IPS interview questions. 

An Overview of the IPS Exam
IPS Full Form	Indian Police Service
Establishment Year	1905 ( as imperial Police ) / 1948 ( Indian Police Service)
Cadre Controlling Authority	Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India
Cadre Strength	4920 (3270 Direct Recruits and 1650 Promotion Posts)
Recruitment Authority	UPSC
Staff College	Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy, Hyderabad

Introduction-Based IPS Interview Questions

IPS interview questions are the most tricky. But on the contrary, tough questions always demand intelligent answers. So with that, let us look at some of the seemingly difficult questions that can help you secure a good impression in the interviewer’s eyes. 

Q1. Give a brief introduction of yourself.

While answering this question in an IPS interview, one should confidently mention all the details, including personal details, educational qualifications, professional life, etc.

The answer should be precise and consistent with the resume submitted to the panel. Before the actual interview, you can improve your ability to answer questions confidently by participating in IPS mock interviews.

Q2. What do you count on as your strengths and weaknesses?

The employer seeks to gain a fair idea about your self-analysis skills. The ideal approach would be to mention your strengths and weaknesses in an enlisted manner with a brief description. It would be ideal to correlate your strengths with how they can help you in the career you wish to pursue. 

For weaknesses, make sure you have a clear idea of the steps you need to take to address them. If you are pleased with your self-esteem, the interviewer is most likely to perceive you as a suitable candidate. 

Q3. What were the driving factors behind opting for civil services?

This IPS interview question falls among the most commonly asked questions that almost all aspiring candidates must undergo in their interview rounds. The question tests your dedication to serving the nation as a government officer. In addition, you can talk about any past instances that made you realize the importance of serving the nation. Besides, make it a point to highlight all facts that support this IPS interview question. An ideal aspect to discuss is your perception of your motherland and how you can contribute to its betterment. 

Q4. Could you throw some light on your hobbies and areas of interest?

Talking about your hobbies and areas of interest gives the interviewer an idea of the kind of person you are naturally. These are the IPS interview questions that you ought to be prepared for without any hesitation at your end. For example, a docile person will reflect calmly in their answer.On the other hand, a person full of fun and frolic will, in all probability, come up with a solution full of adventure and mystery. Thus, this is an excellent opportunity to reflect your true self to the interviewing panel. Serving society is one such job that requires a lot of critical analysis of the ideal candidate’s nature. And, the board leaves out no scope in scrutinising you as an aspirant. 

Situation-Based IPS Interview Questions

Get ready to tackle Situation-Based Interview questions for IPS (Indian Police Service) with ease! These questions are like real-life puzzles that test your problem-solving skills and decision-making abilities. In this guide, we’ve gathered some questions and helpful tips to help students prepare for their IPS interviews.

Q5. How would you address corruption within the police force?

Corruption is a significant issue that must be dealt with strongly within any organisation. If I come across any sort of corruption in the police force, I will report it to higher authorities and provide concrete evidence to guarantee that proper action is taken.

Q6. How do you handle conflicts between your personal beliefs and the law?

As an IPS officer, I am responsible for upholding the law and maintaining order. While personal opinions are essential, they cannot supersede the values of justice and fairness. I would prioritise following the law while respecting everyone’s rights.

Q7. How will you strengthen police-community relations?

Building trust and transparency between police and the community is critical to effective policing. To bridge the gap between police and the people, I would prioritise conducting community outreach initiatives, encouraging citizen participation, and ensuring timely replies to grievances.

Q8. If you are offered the role of SP, what would be your approach to reducing crime rates in a particular area?

This IPS interview question deserves a place in the tricky IPS interview questions list. Framing an answer to a question as such requires a deep sense of analysis. However, the answer might be simply because no specific region is mentioned. Instead, the employer seeks to analyze your ability to comprehend a long-prevailing crisis situation. Different regions of India are symbolic of different types of crimes taking place specific to the area. Thus, it would be ideal to support your answer with an example and a brief description of your plans to deal with crime in the region. Portraying your skills of awareness is also put to the test with such questions. 

Q9. How would you react if you found your close ones involved in illegal activity while investigating a case?

Most aspirants would find themselves out of their wits when faced with such a controversial question. In the true sense, it is a conflict between moral obligation and societal norms. For rightly answering such a question, neutrality is the key. If your answer seems biased, you miss out on the opportunity quickly. As a person serving society for a better tomorrow, you would be expected to uphold societal norms irrespective of any situation. Thus, ensure to highlight why you would pick one over the other. It is the reasons that are taken into consideration. 

Q10. What measures would you take to handle a situation of conflict?

Conflict management is, in itself, a high-value trait that most people are blessed with naturally. Thus, if you wish to ace the answer, the trick is to frame your answer in a way that depicts conflict management as your strength. For example, it would be ideal to discuss empathy, cooperation, and other humane traits.  The interviewer seeks to understand your approach and attitude towards handling a crisis. If you can support your answer with a plan following your initiatives, that in itself would be a powerful answer that will leave the interviewer in a state of awe. 

Q11. How would you define success in your own words?

The word success has no specific definition. Though it holds a meaning, it is liable to multiple phases of interpretation by different people. Therefore, your definition of success should vary from that of other aspiring candidates. Reflect on each area of success in your life that is relevant at the moment. As an aspiring IPS candidate, it would be ideal to answer this IPS interview question that makes success a perpetual existence and not just a single or some few incidents. However, it is not the numeric value that can bring about success. Securing the first position is not all that defines success in life. 

Q12. How easy/difficult would it be for you to manage a team?

Portraying oneself as a team player can always help you secure a good enough perspective in the interviewer’s eyes. For example, your job might not be restricted to a specific region, and you might work with a team of different people. It would be difficult to deal with subordinates and companies from other places. However, as an aspirant, you would be expected to be a suitable fit in handling a team of members to complete a particular task efficiently. You can talk about instances in the past where your team management skill was tested, and you went with all flying colours facing the situation.

Detailed Application Form(DAF) Based Interview Questions

The UPSC interview panel asks questions about the candidates’ DAFs. Candidates must prepare for every detail outlined in their DAF. Candidates may prepare the following for the IPS interview.

What is the meaning of your name?

• Do you think you justify the meaning of your name? Please provide us with some examples, if you can.
• Does the meaning of your name justify your personality?
• What is happiness for you? What constitutes happiness? Is happiness just a state of mind?
• Tell us five things that happened in the past couple of years in India that made you happy.
• How is happiness related to prosperity?
• Can happiness be made a metric for national growth? Can it replace GDP?
• What are the challenges?
• Happiness curriculum in schools.
• World happiness report
• Who publishes this report?
• What are the parameters?
• Why is India ranked lower on this list than many underdeveloped and poor countries?
• How are you going to use happiness as a concept in public policy and administration?
• What do you think motivates people?
• Implication in policy making and implementation?

DoB (Date of Birth)

• What is special about your date of birth? Did any important event take place that year?
• Can you tell us something about the Revolutions of 1989? (dissolutions of communist govt)
• Is the US-Mexico wall feasible?

What is your Mother tongue: Bengali

• Famous poets of the Bengali language.
• Classical language status- what are the criteria to define classical language?
• How relevant is it to give classical status to any language?
• Who compiled Bengali grammar? How different is it from Hindi grammar?
• How many speakers of Bengali language are there in India?
• What are your views on one particular language as our National Language?
• Why do some states oppose it?
• What can be an ideal solution for linguistic nationalism?
• Has linguistic reorganisation of states strengthened or weakened Indian federalism?
• What are the constitutional provisions regarding languages and Hindi particularly?

What is your place of residence: West Bengal

• Tell us something about Jor Bangla Temple, Bishnupur.
• Strengths and Weaknesses of your state?
• Tell us something from your state that you find unique and why.
• What lessons can other states learn from West Bengal?

Sundarban Biosphere Reserve:

• What is the difference between a national park, wildlife sanctuary and biosphere?
• Which tree is this biosphere reserve named after? Uses? 
• Man Animal conflict?
• Why is it increasing?
• What steps can be taken to avoid this?
• What are Bio- fences? What is a wildlife/habitat corridor? Do we have any in West Bengal?
• Who owns Rasgulla- Odisha or West Bengal? GI tag issues. How are they different?

Current Affairs and GK Questions for IPS Interview

• Can you explain the distinctions between innovation, research, and investigation?
• Provide details on when the Telegram service was initiated in India and when it ceased to be in use.
• What measures has the government implemented to tackle poverty?
• Name the countries, besides India, where the Ramayana festival is celebrated.
• Identify international organisations associated with intellectual property rights.
• Explain the connection between the World Trade Organisation (WTO) and intellectual property. What organisation existed before the WTO?
• What is the meaning of the quote “Demography is destiny”?
• Compare the demographics of India and Japan.
• Define SDGs. Highlight the differences between Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).
• Explain sustainable development and list its five pillars.
• Why is PAN linked with Aadhaar? What impact does this linkage have on the tax base? Do you think PAN should be made universal?
• When did India last receive a Nobel Prize in science? Why has there been a gap in India receiving Nobel Prizes in science, and what steps could be taken to change this?
• What are the significant concepts in development economics proposed by Amartya Sen?
• Define the capability approach. Can you provide examples of its application in India?
• How does Aadhaar personally benefit you?
• In India, women frequently apply turmeric to their faces. What are the medicinal properties associated with this practice?
• The Internet’s success is attributed to its openness to all. Do you believe everything should be open to the public, including traditional knowledge?
• What purpose does the permanent address serve in Aadhaar?
• Name some organisations related to space similar to NASA and ISRO.
• An Australian research centre recently detected signals suggesting the existence of aliens. What are your thoughts on aliens? Do you believe they exist? Discuss any recent events related to this topic, counterarguments, and Stephen Hawking’s views. Explain Hawking’s involvement in the field and the reasons behind it.
• Define Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Why should companies, investing their own money and paying taxes, contribute to CSR?
• Should CSR funds be used in Smart Cities?
• Explain the concept of scientific temper. Can a non-engineer develop a scientific temper?
• Why are many engineers considered unemployable?
• What services are provided by post offices, and why do they still exist? Share your observations from visiting post offices in your village and elsewhere, including one in Old Rajinder Nagar.
• In a world with numerous private courier agencies, what is the significance of post offices?
• Why is there limited recruitment in Cyber Security?
• If given the choice, would you prefer “money without fame” or “fame without money”?
• Name some peace prizes from India.
• Does Indian law define cyber attacks and distinguish their seriousness?
• What government initiatives exist for urban development?
• Who is responsible for urban development, the state or local government? How is the state involved?
• What does the term “counter magnet area” mean?
• What type of local government do we have, and what expectations do you have regarding its role in your city?
• Who holds the authority over water-related matters?
• In your opinion, should there be more devolution of powers to local government or the state? Why do states sometimes resist giving power despite constitutional provisions?
• What is the concept of demographic dividend, and can we effectively utilise it?
• How has “Make in India” performed in the defence sector?
• Bangladesh recently acquired defence technology, likely from China. What specific technology was it?
• Explain gravitational waves. Are black holes finite?
• What is India’s nuclear policy?
• What is the status of 4th-generation aircraft manufactured in India? Where is it produced, and which company manufactures it?
• Discuss recent changes in defence procurement policy and the reasons behind those changes.
• Distinguish between administration and management, providing examples.
• Highlight some major provisions introduced by the government in the Companies Act 2013.
• Can you identify some challenges faced by MGNREGA?
• Explain the role and requirements of an independent director.
• What is NDRF, and given the military’s significant role in relief work, do you think it should be discontinued?
• Describe the distinct features of the northeastern states, including the number of states and whether Sikkim is part of the region.
• How can tribal development be effectively implemented?
• Share your thoughts on integrating Northeastern people with the rest of the country.
• Define corporate governance and differentiate between shareholders and stakeholders.
• What are the rules and tools that companies follow to be good and fair?
• The difference in age and ideas between our generation and yours is causing problems in our society. What problems are these?
• Do we build airplane engines in India? Who builds them?
• Where are these engine-making places? They are probably not in India, right?
• We can launch 104 satellites into space, but why can’t we make airplane engines here?
• Should we start making engines in India?
• What is Kaveri all about?
• Why are we spending money to make engines like Kaveri?
• When we buy food, we see the FSSAI logo on the packet. What is it, and are there other standards in our country?
• What is BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards)?
• Where does black money come from?
• Tell me two big accomplishments of ISRO recently and why they are important.
• Name two writers from the editorial page of the newspaper you read.
• Why does the Delhi Government want full statehood, and how can we solve this issue?
• Has the government shared any data on how much black money has returned?
• What are the problems with the Land Acquisition Act?
• Define wasteland and tell me the percentage of wasteland in your state.
• Explain the BSES emission standard for vehicles. Is it the same for all types of vehicles, and what factors are considered?

IPS Interview Preparation Tips and Tricks for Aspiring Candidates 

Learning the probable IPS interview questions and preparing for the same is a traditional practice. But, for modern-day interview preparations, the process involves a lot more effort.

Besides the question and their answer guide, here are a few tips and tricks that go a long way in building you up as an ideal candidate:

• Motivation is the key. Failures might come your way but, fighting it out with optimism is all you need to meet success. 
• Any aspiring IPS candidate must take a consistent approach. Thus, even while preparing answers, ensure that your sense of consistency is reflected at its best. 
• Listening to mock interviews and preparing likewise can be a highly effective method of preparation as adopted by several aspirants by far. 
• Be confident with every answer that is thrown your way. A confident answer is far beyond all parameters, be it tricky or seemingly difficult. 
• Preparing for the interview round necessitates you to hone your vocational skills. If you are all geared up with your answers but fail to put it through, it will not fetch you anything.

Final Thoughts on IPS Interview Questions and Answers

Cracking the UPSC exams is no fun. Aspirants struggle year after year to achieve what they always dreamed of. Some might even end up in everlasting despair. The IPS examination’s success rate is the lowest; thus, candidates are turned down almost every year. However, there is no reason why one should not try their luck. You have all the probability of cracking the IPS interview questions with the proper preparation at hand. Materials supporting the syllabus, interview questions, and mock interview videos are all flooded on the internet today. There are enough resources that candidates today can seek help. And with a little bit of smartness and presence of mind attached to each  IPS interview question, you are all good to go. So what else are you waiting for? Go about acing your interview round with the best of preparations at hand. 

Python ,OOPS Interview Questions and Answers

 Over time, many computer experts have grown to love Python. Many companies value it and offer opportunities to those who understand it. Here, we’ve put together 50 Python OOPS interview questions. These questions can help you perform well in Python job interviews and provide great answers.

But before we dive into those questions, let’s start by learning the fundamentals of Python OOPS.

What is a programming language?

Programming languages are computer languages used to instruct the computer to perform certain functions. They use syntax and keywords that the coders/developers understand and are then compiled/interpreted to be converted/translated into machine language.

The flow of code:

Step 1:

• The source code is sent to the compiler. 
• The extension of the source could differ depending on the language. For example, for Python, it is .py; for Java, it is .java, etc.

Step 2:

• The compiler then outputs the object code.
• Extension of object code is .obj
• The object code is then passed to a linker.

Step 3:

• The linker outputs the final executable code.
• The extension of the executable code is .exe
• Python can be used as a procedural programming language or object-oriented programming language.

What is Object-Oriented Programming Language, and how does it benefit?

As the name suggests, Object-Oriented Programming, popularly known as OOPS, is based on the class-object programming model.

Objects are instances of a class that contain the data and the function. Thus, the object encapsulates the function it is to perform and the data it is to perform with.

Object-oriented programming has a few key features that make it widely used and accepted. Those features are:

Inheritance:

In the real world, inheritance signifies inheriting possessions from someone. The same concept applies to OOPS. When one class inherits data and methods from another, it is called inheritance.

It is mainly used to reuse code instead of redundant coding.

Example:

As we are going to discuss Python OOPS interview questions or Python coding interview questions, here is an example of inheritance using Python:

class parent_class:  

    def Summation(self,num1,num2):  

        return num1+num2;  

class child_class(parent_class):  #inheriting parent_class

    def Average(self,num1,num2): 

        return num1/num2;  

fm=child_class() 

print(fm.Average(10,20))

print(fm.Summation(78,10)) #accessing parent_class method with object of child_class

As the above example shows, the child_class can access the parent_class method without creating an object for the parent_class. This was done by inheritance.

If the inheritance had not been implemented, the code would have required two objects for two classes.

Polymorphism:

The word literally means occurring in several forms. 

When one function is performed in multiple ways, that is called polymorphism.

Again, let’s use Python code to explain this better.

class Square:

    def Area(self,side): #definiting method with 1 argument

        return side*side

class Rectangle(Square):

    def Area(self,length,breadth): #overriding method with 2 arguments

        return length*bredth

class Circle(Square):

    def Area(self,radius):

        return 2*3.14*radius*radius #overriding method with 1 argument

sqr = Square()

rct = Rectangle()

crc = Circle()

print(sqr.Area(12))

print(rct.Area(12,10))

print(crc.Area(6))

In the above example, we see that three classes use the same method, Area(), to calculate the areas of three different shapes with different arguments passed.

Data Encapsulation:

The name is self-explanatory for this concept. The idea of class encapsulating variables and objects to restrict unnecessary access.

Only an object of the class can access the data based on the access modifiers, ensuring data privacy.

Data Abstraction:

This concept ensures access to only the implementation of a function and not its internal data and function. Thus, only a part of the method’s identity is exposed while keeping internal data hidden. This is the concept behind data abstraction. 

This increases the efficiency of code.

This is achieved with the help of abstract classes and methods.

Abstract classes and methods are only the declarations of the class or method; the implementation is done when inherited by another class. The definition of the abstract class or method is written in the class inheriting the abstract class or method. 

Now that we have covered the basics let’s start with Python OOPS interview questions.

Coding interview questions often require theoretical knowledge of the subject and the knowledge to create meaningful and running codes.

List of 50 Python OOPS Interview Questions

Section 1: Basic Python OOPs Interview Questions for Freshers

1: What kind of a programming language is Python?

Answer: 

• Python is basically a High-Level Object-Oriented Programming Language.
• Python can also be used as a procedural language.
• Python is an interpreted language, i.e. it uses line-by-line execution 

2: When and by whom was it introduced?

Answer: Python was introduced in 1991 by a Dutch programmer, Guido Van Rossum.

3: What are the advantages of using Python?

Answer: Python has various advantages, making it very popular among coders/developers. A few of its advantages are:

• Open-source language
• Compact coding: Python can be written with very few lines of code.
• Comparison:

Printing “Hello World” in Java:

public class Main{

Public static void main(System[] args){

System.out.println(“Hello World”);

}

}

Printing “Hello World” in Python:

print(“Hello World”)

It is an interpreted language, which means the processing of the source code is done through an interpreter. An interpreter executes the source code line-by-line, making it easier to identify errors.

Python is flexible enough to be treated as a Procedural Programming Language in case it is needed

Python has a very simple syntax, which is quite similar to that of English

Example:

num = int(input())

square = (num*num)

print(square)

4: What are the limitations of Python?

We have learned a lot about the advantages and positive points of Python. However, while asking Python OOPS interview questions, the interviewer will not only be concerned about knowing how much you know but also about the advantages of Python. Coding interview questions often include the shortcomings of a language and how that can be overcome. There are several aspects of coding that are not the best suited for Python, and in such scenarios, some other languages or approaches are required. 

Let us see how to answer such Python coding interview questions.

Answer: Apart from Python’s long list of advantages, there are also a few shortcomings. Such as:

1. Speed: Python being an interpreted language, the line-by-line execution is slower than many modern-day programming languages

2. Memory Efficiency: Due to dynamic data types in Python, it consumes a lot more memory space 

3. Mobile Application: Due to slow speed and high memory consumption, Python is best suited for server-end programming and not mobile applications

4. Runtime Error: Due to dynamic coding, data types can throw runtime error

5: How can Python be used?

Answer: Python can be used in many functionalities, such as Software and web application development. Python has popular and effective web development frameworks such as Django, CherryPy, Flask, etc. 

Spotify and Mozilla are two of the widely used applications that were created using such frameworks.

• It is hugely popular for Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning due to its simplicity, flexibility, and stability.
• Python is also used for software testing through tools like Selenium
• Python can connect to databases and handle files
• Data Analytics

6: Is Python Case Sensitive?

Answer: Yes! Python is case-sensitive. In other words, python distinguishes between uppercase and lowercase.

7: Why is indentation important in Python?

Answer: Python does not require or involve multiple parentheses and semicolons to identify code blocks. Indentation is used to identify the blocks, and thus, it is of the utmost importance while coding in Python. 

It is important to understand which line of code falls under which part of the code block. While using loops and decision-making functionalities, it is very important to understand which lines of code fall under the loop or decision-making block.

For example:

num = int(input)

If(num%2==0):

print(“Even Number”)

else:

print(“Odd Number”)

Observe how the indentation below ‘if’ and ‘else’ makes it clear which statement will be executed for which decision.

for i in range (20):

print(“Line number:”+i)

Again, the indentation below ‘for’ makes it clear which statement will be repeatedly executed until the condition is met.

Section 2: Python Syntax and Operations Interview Questions

8: What is namespace in Python?

Answer: Imagine a dictionary of objects where the key value is the name given to the object and the value is the object itself. 

There are three types of namespace in Python:

1. Built-in namespace

2. Global namespace

3. Local namespace

Built-in namespace: This contains all the Python objects built into the Python programming language. Whenever Python starts, these objects are imported and exist until the interpreter is terminated.

Below is the process of listing built-in objects in the console:

dir(__builtins__) is the command used to display the objects

Global namespace: Global namespaces are created during the execution of the main program or when objects are included in the program using “import.” This namespace belongs to the main program and will exist until the interpreter terminates.

Local namespace: Whenever a function is created, Python automatically creates a namespace, which is the local namespace. This namespace exists until the function is terminated.

9: What is the significance of local and global variables in Python?

Answer: Local and global variables are kinds of variables with different scopes.

Scope: The part of the code that can access a particular variable represents the scope of that variable. 

Local Variable: A variable declared/defined within a function or class is local to that function or class. The variable will exist until the control remains within that function or class. These variables cannot be accessed from outside its scope.

For example:

def Summation():

number_first = int(input)

number_second = int(input)

sum_result = number_first + number_second

Summation() #calling the function

Thus, from the above example, we understand that number_first, number_second, and sum are local variables to the function Summation.  It cannot be accessed from outside the function Summation.

The error shown for trying to access local variables from outside the scope is as follows:

Global Variable: When a variable is declared/defined outside a function or class, it can be accessed outside that function or class. Such variables fall under global variables. In other words, when a variable is not enclosed within a class or function, its scope runs throughout the program and will only cease to exist when the execution is terminated.

For example:

number_first = 5 #global variable

def Summation():

  number_second = 7

  sum_result = number_first+number_second #accessing the global variable

  print(sum_result) 

Summation() #calling the function

From the above example, we see that as number_first was defined outside the function Summation, it was considered a global variable, and the function Summation could access it without any error generated.

10: What is type conversion in Python?

Answer: Type conversion is used to change the data type when required manually. This is also called explicit type conversion.

• int() = this is to convert the data type to int
• float() = this is to convert the data type to float
• list() = this is to convert the data type to list
• str() = this is to convert the data type to string
• dict() = this is to convert the data type to dictionary

11: What is the usage of in, is, and not operators?

Answer: The ‘in’ operator checks if a value is within a given range. It returns true or false based on whether the value is present.

Example:

for i in range(10):

print(i)

The ‘is’ operator checks if the operands are true and returns true or false based on the outcome.

Example:

Num1 = 56

Num2 = 78

print( Num1 is Num2)

The ‘not’ operator is used to reverse the result generated.

If the result is false, the not operator changes it to true.

Example:

Num1 = 10

print( not( Num1<7)

12: Write the functions used to convert user input into lower and upper case.

Answer: The function upper() converts a string or character to an upper case. The function lower() is used to convert a string or character to lowercase

Example:

str = input()

print(str.upper())

print(str.lower())

13: What is the lambda function?

Answer: An anonymous function accepts multiple parameters but can have only one statement.

For example:

lambda_data = lambda a,b: a*b

print(lambda_data(8,9))

14: Describe break, continue and pass keywords.

Answer:

Break: This keyword terminates the loop when a condition is fulfilled. The control is shifted out of the loop to the next statement.

Continue: This function skips one flow of the loop for a certain condition and returns the control to the beginning of the loop to continue with the next condition checking.

Pass: This is a null operation and helps to skip a function without facing a syntactical error. 

Example:

Break:

for i in range (12):

if(i==7):

break

else:

print(i)

Continue:

for i in range (12):

if(i==7):

continue

else:

print(i)

Pass:

for i in range (12):

pass

15: What are assignment operators in Python?

Answer: Assignment operators are used to assign a value to a variable. These can also be combined with arithmetic operators to calculate and assign values at the same time.

• ‘=’ is used for value-assigning
• ‘+=’ is used for assigning the summation result to the variable
• ‘-=’ is used for assigning differences to the variable

16: What are split() and join()?

As we are appearing for a Python code interview, it is always suggested that we back our answers with proper codes. Let’s see how we can answer this with a code

Answer:

str = “Splitting and Joining in Python”

str_modify = str.split(‘ ‘)

print(str_modify)

print(‘ ‘.join(str_modify))

As we see above, the split() function is used to split up a string base on a delimiter passed as the argument. With this delimiter, split() function with cut the string into multiple words from wherever it finds a space (‘ ‘)

join() function also has a delimiter mentioned as the argument, which is used to recognise the point of joining the words into a string.

In other words, the split() function splits the string into multiple words based on the delimiter, and join() sews the string back together using the delimiter.

17: What is the use of negative indexing in Python?

Answer: Negative indexes simply mean from the end of the list, tuple, or string. The control goes to the end and starts backtracking through the list, tuple, or string.

Let us see an example:

list_num = [12,98,85,25,46]

print(list_num[0]) #positive indexing to check the first element

print(list_num[1]) #positive indexing to check the second element

print(list_num[-1]) #negative indexing to check the last element

print(list_num[-2]) #negative indexing to check the second last element

The indexing for positive indexing starts with 0; the first element counts as index 0

For negative indexing, the counting starts from index -1

Section 3: Python Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) Concepts

18:What are functions in Python?

Answer: Functions in Python are used to perform certain actions using data. There are two kinds of functions:

• Built-in function: These are functions defined in the Python library. Example: sum(), print(), upper(), islower() etc.
• User-defined: The developer writes These customised functions to perform the required actions.  Functions within a class are called methods.

19:What is __init__?

Answer: The __init__ function is like a constructor created by default when a class is created. It assigns values to the class members. This is executed whenever a class is initiated. 

Example:

class Employee:

  def __init__(self, Fname, Lname, EmpID):

    self.First_name = Fname

    self.Last_name = Lname

    self.Employee_ID = EmpID

Emp = Employee(“FirstName”,”LastName”, 11111)

print(Emp.First_name)

print(Emp.Last_name)

20:What is self in Python?

Answer: The self represents the instance of a class and acts as the object of the class. Self is used to access the members of a class.

class Employee:

def __init__(self, Fname, Lname, EmpID):

  self.First_name = Fname

  self.Last_name = Lname

  self.Employee_ID = EmpID

As the above example shows, the self is used as an object of the class.

21: What are modifiers in Python?

Answer: Access modifiers define the accessibility of a function or class. Functions within a class can access all the variables and functions of the same class. Still, other classes need permission based on the access modifiers to access the functions and variables.

There are three access modifiers in Python:

• Private: Private members are only accessible from within the class and not from outside. Even using objects does not allow accessing these members.
• Protected: Protected members can be accessed only by child classes or subclasses of the class.
• Public: Public members can be accessed from outside the class through an object of the class. 

By default, the members of a class are public.

22: What is a static method?

Answer: A static method is a method that is bound by the class itself and not the object. Accessing static methods can be done using the class name alone.

23: What is a constructor?

Answer:

• A constructor is a class function initiated every time a class is created. All the members of a class are initialised within the constructor. 
• For JAVA or C++, the constructor has the same name as the class, but for Python, __init__() is used to invoke the constructor.
• Constructors in Python can be parameterised or non-parameterized.

24: What is an abstract class in Python?

Answer: An abstract class acts as a template of a class that can be used by the child classes. An abstract class cannot create objects and can be used only by inheritance.

25: What are abstract methods?

Answer: Abstract methods are declarations of methods without proper implementation. The implementation is done when inherited and defined into child classes.

26: What is the use of super()?

Answer: super() is used as a temporary object of the parent class in a child class. Using super(), the child class can refer to any method of the parent class.

27: Is multiple inheritance supported in Python?

Answer: Multiple inheritance is when a child class inherits multiple classes. Python supports multiple inheritance.

class <child_class> (<parent_class1>,<parent_class2>)

28: What are Python Iterators?

In Python, an iterator is an object that can be iterated (looped) upon. Iterators are implemented using two primary methods: __iter__() and __next__().

1. __iter__(): This method initialises the iterator. It is called once and returns the iterator object itself.
2. __next__(): This method retrieves the next value from the iterator. When there are no more items to return, it raises a StopIteration exception to signal the end of the iteration.

29: What are generators in Python?

Answer: Generators are a simple and powerful tool for creating iterators. They allow you to iterate lazily over a sequence of values, producing items only as needed. Generators are implemented using functions and the yield statement.

Key Features of Generators

• Lazy Evaluation: Generators produce items one at a time and only when required, which makes them memory efficient.
• State Preservation: Generators automatically preserve their state between each yield, making it easier to write complex iteration logic.

Section 4: Functions and Methods

30:What is a dictionary in Python? Explain with a code.

Answer:

Dictionaries in Python store data in key-value pairings. They are unordered and written in curly braces.

dict={

“name”: “Fname”,

“age”: “18”,

“address”: “Kolkata”

}

Print(dict)

31: What is a map() function in Python?

Answer: The map function executes a given function to all iterable items. 

32: How do you write comments in Python?

Answer:

Comments are lined developers use to explain a line of code without executing it.

# is used to comment on a line

Example:

num = int(input()) #taking input

Print(num) #printing the value

33: Explain the memory management of Python.

Answer:

• Python Memory Manager is responsible for creating a private memory heap dedicated to Python. 
• All objects are stored in this heap space and are not accessible as it is private.
• Python memory manager also ensures the reuse of unused spaces.

34: What are new and override modifiers?

Answer: 

• New modifiers state that the compiler should run a new function instead of using the one from the base class.
• The override modifier instructs to run the base class version of a class and not create a new one.
• This reduces unnecessary repetitions of writing codes.

35: What is the use of len()?

Answer: len() calculates the length or the number of elements in a list, array, or string.

36: What does set() do?

Answer: set() converts the iterable element into unique and distinct elements. In other words, set() helps remove duplicate elements from an iterable.

Section 5: Data Structures

37: Differentiate between arrays, lists, and tuples in Python.

Let us return to some technical Python OOPS interview questions. Although they may sound theoretical, simple coding examples will elevate the answers. 

Answer:

Differences between list, array, and tuple are:

List	Array	Tuple
Mutable. That means the data can be modified, added, removed, etc.	Mutable. That means the data can be modified, added, removed, etc.	Immutable. Data in the tuple are not changeable
Enclosed in []	Enclosed in []	Enclosed in ()
Ordered and indexed	Ordered and indexed	Ordered and indexed
Can store one or many data types in a list	It can store the same data type in an array. Mixed data types are not allowed	Can store one or many data types in a list
In-built in Python library	Has to be imported	In-built in Python library

Let us now see the syntax of each with examples:

List:

  <List_name> = [<values separated by comma>]

Code:

List_mixed = [‘Rose’, 12, ‘Apple’, 89.98]

print(List_mixed[0]) #prints first element of list

print(List_mixed[:]) #prints all elements of list

print(len(List_mixed)) #prints length of the list

List_mixed.append(‘Kolkata’) #adding to the list

print(List_mixed[:])

List_mixed.remove(12) #removing from the list

print(List_mixed[:])

Array:

import array as <object_name>

<Array name> = <object_name>.array[<type code>,<values separated by commas>]

Code:

Array_numbers= a.array(‘i’, [12,89,97])

Array_floats= a.array(‘f’, [ 18.00, 78.66, 56.98])

Tuple:

<tuple name> = (tuple values separated by comm)

Code:

tuple_fruits = (“Mango”, “Apple”, “Cherry”)

print(tuple_fruits)

print(tuple_fruits[1])

38: What is a package and module in Python?

Answer:

Module:

• Module in Python is the collection of classes and methods that constitute one .py file. 
• Whenever we write code that does a module.
• Imagine a single file with data and functions; that is what a module is to Python.
• The module ensures unique variable and method names.

Package:

• The package is a collection of modules.
• It acts as a folder that collects all modules in one place.
• The package ensures unique module names.

Section 6: Python coding interview questions:

We have been discussing Python OOPS interview questions in detail till now. But let’s not forget to cover the coding interview questions. When one appears for Python OOPS interview questions, the interviewer will always look for opportunities to test your coding and theoretical skills. To answer Python OOPS interview questions and coding interview questions, one must have a clear idea of how to think of the most efficient logic behind solving a problem. Let us look into some coding interview questions and understand how to answer them.

39: Write a code to open a file.

Answer: File_open = open(“samplefile.txt”)

40: Write a code to delete a file.

Answer:

import os

if (os.path.exists(“samplefile.txt”)):

os.remove(“samplefile.txt”)

41: Write a code to calculate the number of lines in a file.

Answer:

File_open = open(“samplefile.txt”)

count = 0

text = file.read()

Text_list= text.split(“\n”)

for i in Text_list:

    if i:

        count+=1

 print (count)

42: Write a code to add values to the Python array.

Answer:

import array as arr

a = arr.array ( ‘i’ ,[ 21, 89, 77])

a.append(54)

print(a)

43: Write a code to show how classes are created, and methods are called

Answer:

class Parent():

        def summation(self):

            i=99

            j=45

            print(i+j)

p = Parent()

p.summation()

44: Write a code to show multiple inheritance in Python

Answer:

class Parent1:

    def first_parent(self):

        print(‘This is first parent class’)

class Parent2:

    def second_parent(self):

        print(‘This is second parent class’)

class ChildClass(Parent1, Parent2):

    def child_class (slef):

        print(‘This is child class’)

obj = ChildClass()

obj.first_parent()

obj.second_parent()

obj.child_class()

Now that we have answered some simple yet common coding interview questions let us get back to answering some more of the Python oops interview questions

45: What is the difference between range() and xrange()?

Answer:

• range() creates a static list that can be iterated while checking some conditions. This function returns a list with integer sequences.
• xrange() is the same in functionality as range() but it does not return a list, instead it returns an object of xrange(). xrange() is used in yielding generators.

46: What are help() and dir() functions used for?

Answer:

• help() function provides complete information on the modules, classes, and members.
• When help() is called without arguments, it launches an interactive help utility

Below is what the interactive help utility looks like:

dir() function only returns a relevant list of object data in scope. It provides more relevant information about the scope rather than complete detailed information.

Example:

Code:

dir()

print(“This is dir() function”)

print(dir())

47: What are the different kinds of inheritances supported by Python?

Answer: Python supports four types of inheritance. Those are as follows:

Single inheritance:

When a single child class inherits a single parent class, it is called Single Inheritance.

Code:

class Parent:

    def method_parent(self):

        print(“Parent Class”)

class Child(Parent):

    def method_child(self):

        print(“Child Class”)

obj = Child()

obj.method_parent()

obj.method_child()

Multi-level Inheritance:

When a child class inherits a parent class, and the child class is again inherited by another child class, it is called Multi-level inheritance

Code:

class Parent:

    def method_parent(self):

        print(“Parent Class”)

class Child(Parent):

    def method_child(self):

        print(“Child Class”)

class Child2(Child):

    def method_child2(self):

        print(“Second Child Class”)

obj = Child2()

obj.method_parent()

obj.method_child()

obj.method_child2()

Multiple Inheritance:

When one child class inherits more than one parent class, it is called Multiple Inheritance.

Code:

class Parent:

    def method_parent(self):

        print(“Parent Class”)

class Parent2():

    def method_parent2(self):

        print(“Second Parent Class”)

class Child(Child):

    def method_child(self):

        print(“Child Class”)

obj = Child()

obj.method_parent()

obj.method_parent2()

obj.method_child()

Hierarchical Inheritance:

When one parent class is inherited by multiple child classes, it is called Hierarchical Inheritance.

Code:

class Parent:

    def method_parent(self):

        print(“Parent Class”)

class Child(Parent):

    def method_child(self):

        print(“Child Class”)

class Child2(Parent):

    def method_child2(self):

        print(“Second Child Class”)

obj = Child()

Obj2 = Child2()

obj.method_parent()

obj.method_child()

Obj2.method_parent()

Obj2.method_child2()

48: What are pandas?

Answer: 

• Pandas is a name derived from Panel Data, an open-source library for manipulating data.
• Pandas can load data, manipulate data, and analyse and prepare data.
• Pandas is often used for file handling.

49: Is it possible to create an empty class in Python?

Answer: Yes! It is possible. In such instances, the pass keyword is used, which lets the control pass through.

50: How do you generate random numbers in Python?

Answer: Random is used to get any random number. Random is a module that is generally used in Python for this purpose

Example:

import random

List_n=[1,8,65,13]

print(random.choice(List_n))

These 50 Python Oops interview questions will help you answer your interviewers and greatly impact the interview process.These Python oops interview questions were answered in a way that will help you answer questions related to the topics.There might be different questions, but with this set of guidelines, you can answer any Python Oops interview questions you are asked.

Conclusion on Python OOPS Interview Questions :

In conclusion, these carefully curated 50 Python OOPS interview questions are a comprehensive resource to help you navigate the intricacies of Object-Oriented Programming in Python.Whether you’re a seasoned developer or a newcomer, mastering these questions will bolster your confidence and readiness for Python interviews.By understanding these fundamental concepts, you’ll be better equipped to showcase your expertise and secure success in pursuing Python-related career opportunities.